Do Duties And Tariffs Really Help The Indian Solar Market?

Background

Oxford  Economics, a  global  forecasting  firm  predicted in its recent studies that  global  GDP will fall by more than 20% if the current policies of global warming are not changed. It also pointed that India with a coastline of almost 7500 km could lose nearby 90% of its GDP.


Power sector being a core sector of the economy, is a very important part of the nation’s security infrastructure. India’s current per capita electricity consumption is around 1400 kWh per annum in comparison to 10000 kWh per annum of the developed nations in North America and Europe. By providing industries and the populous we can move India towards its development and economic goals. In the draft report Central Electricity Authority (CEA) in July 2019 stated that India would need an installed capacity of 831 GW by 2030 compared to 360 GW of 2020.


India was the fastest growing market for solar in the year 2017. According to Mercom we installed 9782 MW in the year 2017. India imposed a safeguard duty on solar modules and cells for a period of 2 years from 2018. This made installations of solar energy more expensive and there was a fall in the installations level both in the year 2018 (8.3 GW) and 2019 (7.3 GW).

 

For nation’s development and security mandate it is important that we have a local manufacturing value chain. It would be a great threat to the nation, if we completely dependent on foreign suppliers for something as critical as the power sector.

 

In this paper, we will try to understand whether if Safeguard (SGD) and Basic Customs Duty (BCD) really help the nation or is there are any other approaches that might be beneficial.

 

Why are we and the world importing from China?

 

There have been numerous reports observed in the last 6 months of Indian Government contemplating imposing duties on Chinese solar modules and cells to protect Indian Solar Manufacturers. There were discussions on Basic Customs Duty and safeguard duties. That have been furthered by border rows with china recently.


However duties in solar space are nothing new for India. India Imposed a  safeguard duty  of  25%  between  July  30,  2018  and  July  30,  2019  which was  reduced  to  20% between July 30, 2019 to January 30, 2020 which further got reduced to 15% between January 30, 2020 to July 30, 2020. Despite of these duties India has been dependent on imports of solar equipment.

 

In the year 2019, despite of these duties, India imported 80% of all solar equipment worth 2.17 billion USD.  China  was accounted  for  78%  of  these  imports  followed  by  Vietnam,  Singapore, Thailand and Hong Kong. The reason behind high level of imports from China is that they are far ahead of every country in terms of manufacturing capacity and they enjoy significant of economies of scale.

 

At present, the global annual solar PV production is around 140 GWP. Out of which nearly 90 GWp or almost 70% is located in China. Chinese companies also control some capacity outside China like the REC solar in Singapore. It has a 1.5 GW manufacturing facility, owned by a Chinese firm named China National Chemical Corporation Ltd  (ChemChina).

 

The Chinese government provides cheap power, water, tax benefits, credit facilities, power, and other incentives to companies in the manufacturing space.

 

India being close to 10 GW and 3GW respectively in solar panel and cell manufacturing capacity, it’s assumed that only Indian manufactures will be able to contribute to the mission of installing up to 27 GW of solar annually for the next decade.

 

We have missed the solar manufacturing bus long back. The Chinese companies have a capacity of 100 GW or more so it would be beneficial for us to use this global supply chain rather than creating a new supply chain to compete with the Chinese in the module manufacturing space. Our focus should be to catch the bus and not miss it again in the renewable energy sector.

 

  

Our experience with duties from over the last 2 years. Are duties making us weaker?

 

As India does not make solar cells, wafers or high grade Polly silicon ingots, duties on solar panels and solar cells, haven’t really helped us. Even today, most of the solar panel manufacturers procure their solar cells from other countries.

 

A lot of people have raised questions fearing the use Chinese products in the power sector. As power sector is crucial to our nation, no compromise should be made in this regard. If the government really wants to secure the power sector, duties   should   be   pushed   for   solar   inverters, SCADA, power electronics, communication and controls infrastructure rather than solar panels.

 

Currently the price of polycrystalline and monocrystalline solar panels globally stands at 16 US Cents and 17 US Cents. At the current value of 75 Rs to 1 USD, solar panel price should be around 12 to 13 Rs per kWp. Indian companies are presently selling solar modules at a price of 16 – 20 Rs per kWp. By imposing duties on solar modules from China, we are actually making our end consumers and DISCOMS pay double. A market with no duties would have seen prices of solar energy drop to 2-2.25 Rs per kWh.

Indian manufacturers have been using duties to increase the prices and reduce their competitiveness.  It’s truly evident that in the last 2 years, despite having safeguard   duty, Indian   manufacturers rarely took any steps to   increase their competitiveness.

 

By imposing duties we give the Indian manufacturers a false sense of security. We feel that  this approach will not work if  order to  make  India  self-reliant  in  terms  of  manufacturing  for solar.  It has not helped us in the last 2 years and it certainly will not help us in future too.

 

So what should be done?

 

The Indian IT Sector is one of those sectors which bring pride (and Forex) to our country. It is renowned and respected globally for its performance and expertise. Companies like Infosys, Wipro, TCS, etc. have led this sector to its current position. These companies realized that India is a hub of smart English speaking people who are even good engineers. They used the strength and history of India to develop offerings that would add value to the global service industry.

 

I think both our political and business leaders should think on the similar lines when it comes to the power sector. The power sector has become as dynamic as the IT industry. Renewables have disrupted the power sector like never before. 10 years back from now we could have never imagined that in 2020-2030, solar would make up to 60% of our total planned installed capacity. In such a dynamic environments our country should make big bets like the ones made by our IT leader almost 3-4 decades ago. Some actions that we should take care of are:

 

1.  Focus on the Battery Storage: Battery storage will be a key component for our future renewable energy systems. We should be looking to become a market leader in the storage space. Incentives should be planned for companies that would be set up manufacturing for battery storage. Visibility of future government plan would go a long way in helping companies make investment decisions. Investment in battery storage would also help India in its ambition of electric mobility and electric car manufacturing. Batteries make up to 50% of cost of electric cars.

 

2.   Investment in the R&D Platform: Another reason for India to not have investment in the cell manufacturing is that cell manufacturing requires companies to invest heavily in R&D. This investment is continuous. 2 major global suppliers Canadian Solar and Jinko Solar have increased their R&D budgets to about 4 times between 2013 and 2018. In India manufacturers have negligible R&D budgets.

 

NREL estimated that the total spend on PV R&D globally in the year 2018 was around 1 billion USD. Today India can invest in a R&D  center with partnerships of leading  institutes  like  Fraunhofer  ISE,  UNSW, Stanford,  Indian  Institute  of  Technology’s  and  Industry  members  to  give  Indian manufacturers   support.  This R&D  center  would  help  Indian  companies compete with global manufacturers.

 

3.   Incentives For Indian Solar Manufacturing (Upto 15 GW): We need to build local manufacturing capacity to tune in at least 50% of our annual average requirement. Which is about 13.5 – 15 GW. This manufacturing set up should be for the complete value chain starting from high grade polysilicon to manufacturing of cells, wafer and modules. This can be done by providing PV manufactures incentives   like – Cheap electricity, Tax benefit, GST  Exemptions, Accelerated depreciation, etc. rather than just putting duties on competitors.

 

These incentives would help make solar power cheaper for the end consumers.  New  industries  created  by  these incentives  would  lead  to  more jobs  which  in  turn  would  lead  to  more spending and tax collection for the Government.

 

4.   Use  Global  Supply  Chains  for  solar  modules  and  cells  more benefit:  Current manufacturing capacity of module and cell capacity at 10 GW and 3 GW respectively, won’t be able to support our nation’s ambition of 100 GW of solar by 2022 or even 300 GW of solar by 2030. Keeping this in mind we should look to develop solar manufacturing capacity as a strategic investment.


I would like to summarize this paper with the thought that climate change is a global issue that requires more global cooperation today than even before.  Instead  of  putting duties  on  the  global  supply  chains  and  making things more  expensive,  we  should focus at  providing  incentives  to  our  local  solar  manufactures  to  make  them  globally competitive, thereby we should also open potential export opportunities for them. By following the basic laws of supply and demand. As price goes up, demand goes down we could go a long way.

  

References:

 

https://theprint.in/economy/global-gdp-could-fall-20-over-next-80-years-due-to-climate- change-economists-warn/456182/?amp

 

https://m.timesofindia.com/business/india-business/chinese-cos-made-inroads-into-indias- td-networks-since-2016/amp_articleshow/77043830.cms

 

https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/solar-manufacturers-seek-pass-through-of- planned-basic-customs-duty/2017781/lite/

 

https://www.livemint.com/industry/energy/india-plans-solar-wafer-ingot-manufacturing- tenders-to-cut-chinese-imports-11594981912323.html

 

https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/centre-plans-vgf-support-for- solar-manufacturing-to-cut-china-dependency-120071800532_1.html

 

https://www.pv-magazine-india.com/2020/07/20/safeguarding-duty-extension-fails-to-win- over-manufacturers/

 

https://www.saurenergy.com/solar-energy-news/20-duty-on-solar-power-equipment-to- cut-imports-anurag-thakur

 

https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy19osti/73992.pdf

 

https://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/content/dam/ise/de/documents/publications/studies/Phot ovoltaics-Report.pdf

 

https://mercomindia.com/solar-imports-declined-exports-surged-2019/

 

  

DISCLAIMER: View presented here are just personal views of the author. The author has been working in the energy sector since 2012 and is the founder of SPRM Energy Infrastructure Private Limited and Frittsolar.

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